Análise mecânica comparativa do destorque de parafusos de minipilar com um novo componente protético, juntamente com avaliação microbiológica do vedamento para implantes de plataforma Cone Morse / Comparative mechanical analysis of the untorsion of miniabutment screws with a new prosthetic component, together with microbiological evaluation of the seal for Cone Morse platform implants

A interface implante pilar (IAI) por se constituir de duas peças inevitavelmente apresentam micro lacuna (GAP), na qual pode ocorrer infiltração bacteriana, permitindo a penetração de microorganismos que colonizam na parte interna do implante levando ao acúmulo de biofilme e, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento da periimplantite. O desgaste da conexão interna do implante é algo que ocorre com frequência, muitas vezes pela fratura do parafuso e/ou, pela perda da rosca interna do implante. A ausência de informações prévias também pode gerar a necessidade da remoção do implante, devido a estas intercorrências, surge a possibilidade da criação de um novo componente para implantes para possibilitar a reabilitação protética, sem ter que passar por uma nova cirurgia de remoção e instalação do implante. O objetivo do trabalho foi mensurar o nível de afrouxamento do parafuso do pilar protético e do minipilar comparando com novo componente protéticos, na tentativa de simular o comportamento do conjunto implante/pilar/prótese. Foram utilizados vinte implantes de plataforma cone morse (CM) da DSP® com seus respectivos mini pilares, na qual foram distribuídos em 2 grupos(n=10): Grupo 1 - implante CM + mini pilar FlexCone® DSP + coroa simplificada pirâmide invertida carga aplicada 3 mm do centro da coroa. E Grupo 2 - implante CM + mini pilar novo + coroa simplificada pirâmide invertida carga aplicada 3 mm do centro da coroa. Foram realizados ciclagem mecânica com carga 133 N, durante 2x106 ciclos, com frequência 2 Hz e temperatura de 37ºC em ambos grupos. Um torquímetro digital foi usado para medir os valores de torque reverso do parafuso protético da coroa e também do pilar protético, antes e após o carregamento. Os resultados do modelo de regressão demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em função do envelhecimento comparando os grupos da coroa sobre o pilar protético (p = 0.020) e entre os grupos do pilar sobre o implante (p = 0.048), indicando que após o envelhecimento de 2.000.000 de ciclos ao longo do tempo está associado de maneira significativa a essas variáveis no contexto deste estudo. O segundo objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a taxa de infiltração bacteriana através da IAI, entre o novo componente protético e a superfície interna do implante, juntamente foi analisado a permeabilidade do IAI para colonização bacteriana. Um total de oitenta implantes foram testados. As estruturas montadas para grupo 1 foi torqueado com 20 N/cm e do G2 foram torqueados com 45 N, ambos imersos em microtubos contendo 200 µl de saliva humana. Após 14 dias de incubação da amostra de bactéria nos implantes, foi realizada uma análise qPCR (reação da cadeia da polimerase em tempo real). O teste revelou que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas no crescimento bacteriana entre os grupos em qualquer um dos pontos temporais analisados. Conclui-se que o novo componente testado apresentou um destoque menor do que comparado ao mini pilar FlexCone DSP® e apresentou infiltração bacteriana no GAP da conexão implante-pilar semelhante comparado ao mini pilar original da empresa (AU)

The abutment implant interface (IAI), as it consists of two pieces, inevitably presents a micro gap (GAP), in which bacterial infiltration can occur, allowing the penetration of microorganisms that colonize in the internal part of the implant, leading to the accumulation of biofilm and, which can lead to development of peri-implantitis. Wear of the implant's internal connection is something that occurs frequently, often due to screw fracture and/or loss of the implant's internal thread. The lack of prior information can also generate the need to remove the implant, due to these complications, the possibility arises of creating a new component for implants to enable prosthetic rehabilitation, without having to undergo a new surgery to remove and install the implant. implant. The objective of the work was to measure the level of screw loosening of the prosthetic abutment and the mini-abutment compared with the new prosthetic component, in an attempt to simulate the behavior of the implant/ abutment/prosthesis set. Twenty DSP® morse cone (CM) platform implants were used with their respective mini pillars, which were distributed into 2 groups (n=10): Group 1 - CM implant + FlexCone® DSP mini pillar + simplified crown inverted pyramid load applied 3 mm from the center of the crown. And Group 2 - CM implant + new mini abutment + simplified crown inverted pyramid load applied 3 mm from the center of the crown. Mechanical cycling was carried out with a load of 133 N, for 2x106 cycles, with a frequency of 2 Hz and a temperature of 37ºC in both groups. A digital torque wrench was used to measure the reverse torque values of the prosthetic crown screw and also the prosthetic abutment, before and after loading. The results of the regression model demonstrated statistically significant differences as a function of aging comparing the crown-on-prosthetic abutment groups (p =0.020) and between the abutment-on-implant groups (p = 0.048), indicating that after aging 2,000 ,000 cycles over time is significantly associated with these variables in the context of this study. The second objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the rate of bacterial infiltration through the IAI, between the new prosthetic component and the internal surface of the implant, together with the permeability of the IAI for bacterial colonization. A total of eighty implants were tested. The assembled structures for group 1 were torqued with 20 N/cm and G2 were torqued with 45 N, both immersed in microtubes containing 200 µl of human saliva. After 14 days of incubation of the bacteria sample in the implants, a qPCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) analysis was performed. The test revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in bacterial growth between groups at any of the time points analyzed. It is concluded that the new component tested presented a lower impact compared to the FlexCone DSP® mini abutment and presented bacterial infiltration in the GAP of the implant-abutment connection similar to the company's original mini abutment.(AU)

Serotipos prevalentes de Streptococcus mutans en América Latina / Prevalent serotypes of Streptococcus mutans in Latin America

La microbiota oral está conformada por diversas especies bacterianas que en condiciones normales desempeñan una función protectora del huésped; sin embargo, cuando existe un desequilibrio en el ecosistema, estos microorganismos son capaces de producir diversas manifestaciones como lo es el caso de la caries dental, enfermedad infecciosa producida principalmente por Streptococcus mutans, patógeno capaz de desmineralizar los tejidos duros del diente mediante la fermentación de hidratos de carbono obtenidos de la dieta. Se ha identificado en la pared celular de este microorganismo ocho serotipos que intervienen en la adhesión, agregación y coagregación bacteriana. En los seres humanos S. mutans presenta los serotipos c, e y f, siendo el serotipo c el más prevalente a nivel mundial, el cual se conoce que está asociado a pacientes sanos, a diferencia del e y f que son capaces de invadir las células endoteliales de las arterias coronarias. No obstante, en los últimos años se ha logrado identificar el serotipo k que de igual manera presenta alta capacidad de invadir el endotelio humano, actuando en la patogénesis de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es lograr cuantificar los serotipos prevalentes de S. mutans en América Latina (AU)

The oral microbiota is made up of various bacterial species that under normal conditions perform a protective function of the host, however, when there is an imbalance in the ecosystem, these microorganisms are capable of producing various manifestations such as caries, an infectious disease. produced mainly by Streptococcus mutans, a pathogen capable of demineralizing the hard tissues of the tooth through the fermentation of carbohydrates obtained from the diet. Eight serotypes involved in bacterial adhesion, aggregation and coaggregation have been identified in the cell wall of this microorganism. In humans, S. mutans presents serotypes c, e, and f, serotype c being the most prevalent worldwide, which is known to be associated with healthy patients, unlike e and f, which are capable of invading the endothelial cells of the coronary arteries. However, in recent years it has been possible to identify serotype k, which also has a high capacity to invade the human endothelium, acting in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this literature review is to quantify the prevalent serotypes of S. mutans in Latin America (AU)

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Black Tea Extract Mouthrinse and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Load

Background- Dental caries is one of the most frequent oral health problems. The present study shows the antibacterial effect of black tea extract on salivary Sterptococcus Mutans load. Materials & Methods- The study was conducted on 125 individuals. The differences in the Colony Forming Units and count-scores of S.mutans were analyzed in salivary samples collected from individuals before and after administration of 2% black tea extract mouth-rinse and chlorhexidine mouthwash(CM). Results- There was a statistical difference in mean salivary S. mutans colony count and mean count- score before and after administration of black tea extract mouth-rinse (p = 0.0003) and chlorhexidine mouthwash (p = 0.0002) respectively. Hence, it was found that there is no statistically significant difference in the fall of S.mutans load due to black tea mouth-rinse and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Conclusions- A 2% black tea extract mouth-rinse significantly reduces salivary S.mutans load, irrespective of age and gender. Also, it is an effective natural anti-cariogenic agent with no known implicated side effects.

Efecto antibacteriano del extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) sobre Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: La búsqueda de nuevos extractos de origen vegetal con propiedades antibacterianas para mantener la salud bucal, es fundamental para el óptimo desempeño del personal militar. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antibacteriano del extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) sobre Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro y comparativo. Se realizó un ensayo fitoquímico preliminar del extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal. Se emplearon 48 placas de agar Müller-Hinton (Merck®), distribuidas en 6 grupos (n= 8): grupo I (agua destilada), grupo II (etanol al 70 %), grupo III (clorhexidina al 0,12 %), grupo IV (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 25 %), grupo V (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 50 %) y grupo VI (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 75 %). Se utilizó la técnica de difusión con discos descrita por Bauer y Kirby; la cepa empleada fue Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 y las mediciones de los halos de inhibición se realizaron a las 24 horas, para determinar la actividad antibacteriana. Resultados: En el ensayo fitoquímico se detectaron compuestos fenólicos, antocianinas, quinonas y glicósidos cardiotónicos. Se comprobó el efecto antibacteriano del grupo VI (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 75 %) con 19,831 ± 0,0553 mm (99,37 %), comparable con el de clorhexidina al 0,12 % (grupo III) 19,956 ± 0,0431 mm (100 %) sobre Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico de Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal al 75 % presenta efecto antibacteriano in vitro sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 con valores similares a clorhexidina al 0,12 % .

Introduction: The search for new extracts of plant origin with antibacterial properties to maintain oral health is essential for the optimal performance of military personnel. Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal (cocona) on Streptococcus mutans. Methods: In vitro and comparative experimental study. A preliminary phytochemical assay of the hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal was performed. Forty-eight Müller-Hinton agar plates (Merck®) were used, distributed in 6 groups (n= 8). Group I (distilled water), group II (70% ethanol), group III (0.12% chlorhexidine), group IV (25% Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal), group V (50% Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) and group VI (75% Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal); the disc diffusion technique described by Bauer and Kirby was used; the strain used was Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and the inhibition halos were measured at 24 hours to determine the antibacterial activity. Results: Phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, quinones and cardiotonic glycosides were detected in the phytochemical assay. The antibacterial effect of group VI (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal 75%) was proven with 19,831 ± 0,0553 mm (99,37%), comparable to that of 0,12% chlorhexidine (group III) 19,956 ± 0,0431 mm (100%) on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Conclusions: The 75% hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal shows in vitro antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 strains with values similar to 0,12% chlorhexidine.

Effects of BlueM® against Streptococcus mutans biofilm and its virulence gene expression

Abstract This study evaluated the antimicrobial capacity of BlueM® mouthwash against the bacterium Streptococcus mutans and its influence on gbpA gene expression as well as its cytotoxic effect on fibroblast cells. BlueM® showed antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values of 0.005% and 0.01%, respectively. The MBIC was 6.25% for S. mutans. CFU count and confocal microscopy revealed significant effect of BlueM® on S. mutans biofilm pre-formed on dentin surfaces. Interestingly, the analysis of gbpA gene expression indicated a decrease in gene expression after 15 min of treatment with BlueM® at a concentration of 25%. Moreover, BlueM® exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our results showed the antimicrobial effectiveness of BlueM® against S. mutans, its ability to modulate the expression of the gbpA gene and its low cytotoxicity. This study supports the therapeutic potential of BlueM® as an alternative agent for the control of oral biofilm.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a capacidade antimicrobiana do enxaguatório BlueM® contra a bactéria Streptococcus mutans e sua influência na expressão do gene gbpA, bem como seu efeito citotóxico em células de fibroblastos. BlueM® apresentou atividade antimicrobiana, com valores de CIM e CBM de 0,005% e 0,01%, respectivamente. O MBIC foi de 6,25% para S. mutans. A contagem de UFC e a microscopia confocal revelaram efeito significativo do BlueM® no biofilme de S. mutans pré-formado nas superfícies de dentinas. Curiosamente, a análise da expressão do gene gbpA, indicou uma diminuição na expressão do gene após 15 min de tratamento com BlueM® na concentração de 25%. Além disso, BlueM® exibiu baixos níveis de citotoxicidade. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram a eficácia antimicrobiana do BlueM® contra S. mutans, sua capacidade de modular a expressão do gene gbpA e sua baixa citotoxicidade. Este estudo apoia o potencial terapêutico do BlueM® como agente alternativo para o controle do biofilme oral.

Triclosan antimicrobial activity against dental-caries-related bacteria

Triclosan (TCS) is a chlorinated diphenyl ether and a possible active agent against microorganisms. Due to its probability of reducing dental plaque accumulation, TCS can be added as a substance for oral hygiene. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and antimicrobial capacity of TCS against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This work evaluates the percentage of bacteria inhibition of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. mutans (ATCC 25175). TCS concentrations between 2 and 128 µg.mL-1 were tested. Results: An inhibitory potential of TCS was found against S. mutans. No percentage of inhibition was detected against P. aeruginosa (technical and biological triplicate). Conclusion: TCS, an antimicrobial agent used in dentifrices, can reduce S. mutans levels therefore these dentifrices should be indicated for patients with a high risk of caries. However, further study is needed, including antimicrobial analyses against other microbial conditions

Antibacterial Efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride Compared to Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Against Streptococcus mutans in a Biofilm Caries Model

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with a product containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) against Streptococcus mutans using a biofilm caries model. Material and Methods: Twenty-seven saliva-coated dentine blocks obtained from extracted human teeth were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans monospecies biofilm in this in vitro study. The biofilms were then exposed to 10% sucrose in brain heart infusion broth eight times daily for seven days. After the biofilm growth period, the dentine blocks (n=9 per group) were treated with one of the following substances: 1) sterile saline (control), 2) 38% SDF, and 3) a product containing CPP-ACP. Then, the samples were incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours, and the numbers of viable microorganisms in the biofilms were counted and compared. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests were used to analyze the data (p<0.05). Results: The number of viable bacteria, as determined by the number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) of Streptococcus mutans, was significantly reduced following treatment with SDF and the CPP-ACP product (p<0.05). However, SDF showed superior antibacterial activity compared to the CPP-ACP product (mean CFU mL-1 =zero compared to 96 x106) (p<0.05). Conclusion: SDF has higher antibacterial activity against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilm than the CPP-ACP product. The CPP-ACP product showed antibacterial activity, but it was limited.

Distribution and function of cariogenic bacteria in supragingival plaque in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the distribution characteristics and functional genes of cariogenic bacteria in oral microorganisms of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to improve the understanding of the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and dental caries.@*Methods@#The experimental group included 10 patients with type 2 diabetes treated in the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. The normal control group included healthy oral subjects without type 2 diabetes in the community population (10 cases). Samples of supragingival plaque from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal controls were collected and sequenced. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans were carried out.@*Results@#There were slightly fewer cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans in supragingival plaque samples of type 2 diabetic patients than in normal controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of KEGG pathway functional metabolic differences showed that the metabolic pathways of D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, biofilm formation-Escherichia coli, carolactam degradation and arginine biosynthesis were more abundant in the T2DM group than in the normal control group, while metabolic pathways such as tyrosine metabolism, selenocompound metabolism and pyruvate metabolism showed the opposite trend. @*Conclusion @#There was no significant difference in the content of cariogenic microorganisms between type 2 diabetic patients and normal control group. The differential metabolic pathways of the functional genes indicated that an increase in the arginine metabolic pathway was beneficial to the maintenance of acid-base balance in the oral microecological environment.

Research progress on oxidative stress regulatory mechanisms in Streptococcus mutans / 口腔疾病防治

@#The oral microecological balance is closely associated with the development of dental caries. Oxidative stress is one of the important factors regulating the composition and structure of the oral microbial community. Streptococcus mutans is closely related to the occurrence and development of dental caries. The ability of S. mutans to withstand oxidative stress affects its survival competitiveness in biofilms. The oxidative stress regulatory mechanisms of S. mutans include the synthesis of reductase, the regulation of iron and manganese uptake by metalloregulatory proteins, transcription regulator Spx, extracellular uptake of glutathione and other related signal transduction systems. The current research focuses on how S. mutans adapts to a complex external environment through an oxidative stress response and its influence on oral microecology. We can design targeted small molecular compounds for key signaling pathways to inhibit oxidative stress and weaken the virulence of S. mutans, which is important for oral microecological modulation and dental caries prevention and treatment.

Study on the sterilization effect of plasma jet and plasma activated water on Streptococcus mutans / 生物医学工程学杂志

To explore the effects of plasma jet (PJ) and plasma activated water (PAW) on the sterilization of Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods, so as to provide a basis for plasma treatment of dental caries and to enrich the treatment means of dental caries, an atmospheric pressure plasma excitation system was built, and the effects of PJ and PAW on the sterilization rate of S. mutans and the changes of temperature and pH during treatment were studied under different excitation voltage ( U e ) and different excitation time ( t e ). The results showed that in the PJ treatment, the difference in the survival rate of S. mutans between the treatment group and the control group was statistically significant ( P = 0.007, d=2.66) when U e = 7 kV and t e = 60 s, and complete sterilization was achieved at U e = 8 kV and t e = 120 s in the PJ treatment. In contrast, in the PAW treatment, the difference in the survival rate of S. mutans between the treatment group and the control group was statistically significant ( P = 0.029, d = 1.71) when U e = 7 kV and t e = 30 s, and complete sterilization was achieved with PAW treatment when U e = 9 kV and t e = 60 s. Results of the monitoring of temperature and pH showed that the maximum temperature rise during PJ and PAW treatment did not exceed 4.3 °C, while the pH value after PAW treatment would drop to a minimum of 3.02. In summary, the optimal sterilization parameters for PJ were U e =8 kV and 90 s < t e ≤ 120 s, while the optimal sterilization parameters for PAW were U e = 9 kV and 30 s< t e ≤ 60 s. Both treatment methods achieved non-thermal sterilization of S. mutans, where PJ required only a smaller U e to achieve complete sterilization, while at pH < 4.7, PAW only required a shorter t e to achieve complete sterilization, but its acidic environment could cause some chemical damage to the teeth. This study can provide some reference value for plasma treatment of dental caries.

Antimicrobial efficacy of S-PRG containing toothpastes on S. mutans biofilm development / Eficácia antimicrobiana de dentifrícios contendo S-PRG sobre o desenvolvimento de biofilme de S. mutans

Objective: to investigate the antimicrobial effects of toothpastes containing bioactive surface pre-reacted glass particles (S-PRG) on S. mutans biofilms adherence, initial colonization and maturation. Material and Methods: a reference UA 159 and a clinical S. mutans (SM6) strain were used. Bovine enamel specimens were randomly allocated into the groups (n=5): toothpastes containing 0%; 1%; 5%; 20%; 30% S-PRG; positive control dentifrice (NaF+triclosan); and negative control (distilled water). For biofilm development, samples were placed in a 24-well plate containing artificial saliva (4h), followed by adding 1mL of artificial saliva, BHI broth and 225µL of S. mutans suspension. Treatments with toothpastes were applied previously or after 4h and 24h of biofilm formation. Samples were incubated for 48h at 37°C in 5%CO2 and biofilm was detached and seeded in Petri dishes for determining the number of viable cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Results: significantly lower microorganisms' adherence (p<0.05) was obtained for all S-PRG toothpastes, with similar results to NaF+triclosan for SM6 and 20 and 30%S-PRG groups exhibiting higher inhibition effect than the NaF+Triclosan for UA159. Antibacterial effect on the early-stage biofilm was also observed for the S-PRG groups, but was not superior to the NaF+Triclosan toothpaste. For the mature biofilm, the effective antimicrobial potential of S-PRG toothpastes was observed only for the SM6 clinical strain, but was not higher than the positive control. Conclusion: experimental S-PRG toothpastes were effective to inhibit S. mutans biofilm growth by exhibiting antimicrobial activity, being promising agents to prevent cariogenic biofilm development (AU)

Objetivo: investigar o efeito de dentifrícios contendo S-PRG sobre a colonização inicial e maturação de biofilmes de S. mutans. Material e Métodos: uma cepa de referência (UA 159) e uma cepa clínica de S. mutans (SM6) foram utilizadas. Espécimes de esmalte bovino foram alocados nos grupos (n=5): dentifrícios contendo 0%; 1%; 5%; 20% e 30%S-PRG; controle positivo (NaF+triclosan); e controle negativo (água destilada). Os espécimes foram inseridos em uma placa de 24 poços contendo saliva artificial (4h), seguido por adição de 1mL de saliva artificial, BHI, 225µL de suspensão de S. mutans e foram tratados com suspensões de dentifrícios antes ou depois de 4 e 24h da formação do biofilme. Os espécimes foram incubados por 48h e o biofilme foi removido dos espécimes e semeado em placas de Petri para contagem de UFC/mL. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (5%). Resultados: houve diminuição na adesão de microrganismos para os grupos tratados com S-PRG (p<0.05). Para SM6, os dentifrícios contendo S-PRG apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao NaF+triclosan e para a cepa UA159 o dentifrício com 30%S-PRG apresentou efeito superior. Efeito antimicrobiano no biofilme recém-formado (4h) foi observado para os grupos contendo S-PRG, mas não foi observado efeito superior ao NaF+Triclosan. Para o biofilme maduro, efeito antimicrobiano do S-PRG foi observado apenas para a cepa clínica, mas não superior ao efeito do NaF+Triclosan. Conclusão: dentifrícios contendo S-PRG foram eficazes na inibição do desenvolvimento de biofilmes de S. mutans, sendo promissores agentes para prevenir o desenvolvimento de biofilme cariogênico. (AU)

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus dentisani in dental biofilm of children with different caries status: a pilot study / Streptococcus dentisani e Streptococcus mutans no biofilme dental de crianças com diferentes estados de cárie: um estudo piloto

Objective:Streptococcus mutans is one of the etiological agents associated with caries due to its ability to metabolize carbohydrates and resist acidic environments. On the other hand, Streptococcus dentisani, shows characteristics associated with caries control due to its ability to inhibit growth of cariogenic bacteria. The aim of this work was to quantify the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus dentisani from dental biofilm of children related to their caries situation. Material and Methods: After identification of morphologic characteristics of reference strains was performed, clinical isolates of biofilm compatible with these strains were selected and the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique was performed using species-specific primers. Biofilm samples from 25 children with caries and 21 without caries were collected to quantify the levels of S. mutans and S. dentisani. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the levels of S. mutans in the caries group and the levels increased as the severity of the carious lesion increased. By contrast, higher levels of S. dentisaniwere found in the caries-free group, although no statistically significant differences were found. In addition, the levels of S. dentisani decreased as the severity of the carious lesion increased. Conclusion: The increase in the frequency of S. dentisani in the caries-free group suggests the possibility of requiring minimum levels of this species in the dental biofilm to show an actual protective effect. It must also be considered that this effect might be related to intrinsic factors in children and the intraspecies genetic variability found in every individual. (AU)

Objetivo : Streptococcus mutans é um dos agentes etiológicos associados à cárie devido à sua habilidade de metabolizar carboidratos e resistir a ambientes ácidos. Já o Streptococcus dentisani , apresenta características associadas ao controle da cárie devido à sua capacidade de inibir o crescimento de bactérias cariogênicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os níveis de Streptococcus mutans e Streptococcus dentisani no biofilme dental de crianças em relação à situação de cárie destas. Material e Métodos: Após a identificação das características morfológicas das cepas de referência, foram selecionados do biofilme isolados clínicos compatíveis com essas cepas e realizada a técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase utilizando primers espécie-específicos. Amostras de biofilme de 25 crianças com cárie e 21 sem cárie foram coletadas para quantificar os níveis de S. mutans e S. dentisani. Resultados: Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos níveis de S. mutans no grupo com cárie e os níveis aumentaram à medida que a gravidade da lesão cariosa aumentou. Por outro lado, foram encontrados níveis mais elevados de S. dentisani no grupo sem cáries, embora não tenham sido encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Além disso, os níveis de S. dentisani diminuíram à medida que a gravidade da lesão cariosa aumentava. Conclusão: O aumento da frequência de S. dentisani no grupo livre de cárie sugere a possibilidade de exigir níveis mínimos desta espécie no biofilme dental para mostrar um efeito protetor real. Deve-se considerar também que esse efeito pode estar relacionado a fatores intrínsecos nas crianças e à variabilidade genética intraespécie encontrada em cada indivíduo. (AU)

Salivary Streptococcus mutans colony-forming unit count in patients with and without orthodontic appliances / Recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias de Streptococcus mutans salivares en pacientes con y sin aparatología ortodóntica

ABSTRACT Orthodontic appliances promote the accumulation of biofilm in the oral cavity and increase counts of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). However, there are few comparative studies of the effects generated by the interaction of saliva and microorganisms in absence and presence of orthodontic appliances. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the S. mutans colony-forming unit count (CFU/mL) in participants with and without fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Method: It was an observational cross-sectional study on 21 participants, all over 18 years of age, non-smokers, without removable oral appliances, who had not been under antibiotic treatment within the previous three months. Sociodemographic variables, oral hygiene habits, S. mutans CFU/mL count, and salivary pH were assessed. Saliva samples were collected, and the data was analyzed using Fisher's exact and Kruskal Wallis tests. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Fourteen (66.7%) of the participants were female; average age was 20.4 ± 2.2 years. The group without fixed orthodontic appliances had the highest salivary S. mutans CFU/mL count (Me: 56.0×103, IQR: 9.2×103 - 75.5×103), but there was no statistically significant difference between groups (p=0.7459). There was a statistically significant difference in salivary pH, with the metal orthodontic appliance group having the lowest pH (p=0.0478). No statistically significant difference in salivary S. mutans CFU/mL count was found between groups. Salivary pH was lower in the group with metal appliances than in the groups with non-metal appliances and without appliances.

RESUMEN Se ha reportado que la aparatología ortodóntica promueve la acumulación de biofilm en la cavidad bucal y aumenta los recuentos bacterianos de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos sobre los efectos generados por la interacción de la saliva y los microorganismos en ausencia y presencia de aparatología ortodóntica son limitados. Determinar el recuento de Unidades Formadoras de Colonias (UFC/mL) de S. mutans en participantes con y sin aparatología ortodóntica fija. Materiales y Método: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal con 21 participantes, todos mayores de 18 años, no fumadores, sin ningún tipo de aparatología oral removible y sin antecedentes de tratamiento antibiótico en los tres meses previos. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, hábitos de higiene oral, recuento de UFC/mL de S. mutans y pH salival. Se recolectaron muestras salivales y los datos se analizaron mediante las pruebas Exacto de Fisher y Kruskal Wallis. Un valor de p ≤0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: participaron catorce (66,7%) mujeres; la edad promedio fue de 20.4 ± 2.2 años. El grupo sin ortodoncia fija presentó el mayor recuento de UFC/mL de S. mutans salival (Me: 56,0×103, RIC: 9,2×103 - 75,5×103), pero no hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos (p=0,7459). Con relación al pH salival, se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa, siendo el grupo de ortodoncia metálica el que presentó el pH más bajo (p=0,0478). Aunque no se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el recuento de UFC/mL de S. mutans salival entre los grupos, el pH salival del grupo de aparatología metálica fue más bajo en comparación con los grupos no metálicos y sin aparatología.

Actividad antibacteriana de Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus y Matricaria chamomilla, frente a Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial actividad of Plantago Major, Eucalyptus globulus and Matricaria chamomilla against Streptococcus mutans

Introducción: Debido al consumo indiscriminado de fármacos, muchas bacterias han comenzado a mostrar resistencia. No obstante, cada vez hay más investigaciones que buscan soluciones a este problema, y para lograrlo indagan en los beneficios médicos de determinadas plantas sobre la cavidad oral y su menor efecto tóxico. El 10 % de las plantas a nivel mundial se usan con fines medicinales. El Instituto Nacional de Cáncer indica que el 67 por ciento de los fármacos tiene su origen en la naturaleza, y el 25 % derivan de las plantas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento in vitro de los extractos de Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus y Matricaria chamomilla a diferentes concentraciones (100 por ciento, 50 por ciento, 25 por ciento y 12,5 por ciento) sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, in vitro, longitudinal y prospectivo. El universo estuvo formado por las cepas Streptococcus mutans, y la población por las cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). El tamaño de la muestra se basó en el método estandarizado del CLSI. La muestra fueron 10 discos por extracto, embebidos con 50 uL., colocados sobre agar Mueller Hinton con sembrado de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Se realizaron las medidas de los halos de inhibición a las 24 horas. Se usaron pruebas paramétricas de análisis de varianza y la prueba Tukey. Resultados: El halo inhibitorio promedio de la clorhexidina al 0,12 por ciento fue de 12,76 mm (p = 0,006). El extracto de "eucalipto" al 25 por ciento presentó diferencias significativas respecto a los otros grupos (p = 0,040), al 50 por ciento (p = 0,002) y al 100 por ciento (p = 0,000). Conclusiones: El extracto hidroalcohólico de Eucalyptus globulus al 100 por ciento presentó efecto inhibitorio frente al Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in vitro(AU)

Introduction: Due to the indiscriminate consumption of drugs, many bacteria have begun to show resistance. However, there is more and more research that seeks solutions to this problem, and to achieve this they investigate the medical benefits of certain plants on the oral cavity and its less toxic effect. 10 percent of the world's plants are used for medicinal purposes. The National Cancer Institute indicates that 67 percent of drugs originate in nature, and 25% are derived from plants. Objective: Determine the inhibitory effect of in vitro growth of the extracts of Plantago major, Eucalyptus globulus and Matricaria chamomilla at different concentrations (100 percent, 50 percent, 25 percent and 12.5 percent) on strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Methods: Quasiexperimental, in vitro, longitudinal and prospective study. The universe was formed by the strains Streptococcus mutans, and the population by the strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). The sample size was based on the standardized CLSI method. The sample was 10 discs per extract, embedded with 50 uL., placed on Mueller Hinton agar with Streptococcus mutans seeding (ATCC 25175). Inhibition halos measurements were performed at 24 hours. Parametric analysis of variance tests and the Tukey test were used. Results: The average inhibitory halo of 0.12 percentchlorhexidine was 12.76 mm (p = 0.006). The extract of "eucalyptus" at 25 percent showed significant differences with respect to the other groups (p = 0.040), 50 percent (p = 0.002) and 100 percent (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of Eucalyptus globulus at 100 percent presented inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) in vitro(AU)

Antioxidant and Inhibitory Capacity of Tomato Leaf Ethanolic Extract against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans / Capacidad Antioxidante e Inhibitoria del Extracto Etanólico de la Hoja de Tomate contra Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis y Candida albicans

Background: Tomato is a source of bioactive compounds, antimicrobials, and antioxidants. Tomato leaf preparations have been empirically used for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibiotic, and antiseptic purposes. However, research on the potential activity of tomato leaf extracts against oral microorganisms and in managing oropharyngeal infections is scarce. Objective: To investigate tomato leaf ethanolic extract's antioxidant and growth inhibitory capacity against common oral pathogenic microorganisms, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans.Methods: Ethanolic extracts were made from 'Chonto' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. The antimicrobial activity was measured with the microdilution technique using vancomycin and fluconazole as positive controls. The antioxidant capacity was measured with the ORAC assay using Trolox as a positive control. Results: We found a high percentage of growth inhibition (≥100%) against S. mutans and P. gingivalis at a concentration of 500 mg/L. However, the extract was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Finally, we observed that the extract exerted a high antioxidant capacity (126%) compared to the positive control. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the potential antimicrobial effect of tomato leaf extracts on common oral pathogenic bacteria, which may ultimately result in the development of new herbal products that might help prevent and treat oral infections, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Our findings also support previous studies on the high antioxidant capacity of tomato leaf extracts

Antecedentes: El tomate es una fuente de compuestos bioactivos, antimicrobianos y antioxidantes. Las hojas de tomate se han utilizado empíricamente con fines antiinflamatorios, analgésicos, antibióticos y antisépticos. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre la actividad de los extractos de hojas de tomate contra los microorganismos orales y en el manejo de las infecciones orofaríngeas son escasos. Objetivo: Investigar la capacidad antioxidante del extracto etanólico de la hoja de tomate y su actividad inhibitoria de crecimiento contra microorganismos patógenos orales comunes, a saber, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis y Candida albicans.Métodos: Se realizaron extractos etanólicos a partir de hojas de tomate 'Chonto' (Lycopersicon esculentum). La actividad antimicrobiana se midió con la técnica de microdilución utilizando vancomicina y fluconazol como controles positivos. La capacidad antioxidante se midió con el ensayo ORAC utilizando Trolox como control positivo. Resultados: Encontramos un alto porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento (≥100%) contra a S. mutans y P. gingivalis a una concentración de 500 mg/L. Sin embargo, el extracto fue ineficaz en la inhibición el crecimiento de C. albicans. Finalmente, observamos que el extracto tuvo una alta capacidad antioxidante (126%) en comparación con el control positivo. Conclusiones: Este estudio proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre el posible efecto antimicrobiano de los extractos de hojas de tomate en bacterias patógenas orales comunes, lo cual puede resultar en el desarrollo de nuevos productos naturales que podrían ayudar a prevenir y tratar infecciones orales, como la caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal. Nuestros hallazgos también respaldan los estudios previos sobre la alta capacidad antioxidante de los extractos de hojas de tomate

Effect of immunoglobulin Y formulations on oral microorganisms in human subjects - A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

Background: Passive immunization using egg yolk-based antibodies has been tested against oral microorganisms. Our study assessed the effect of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) formulations on Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans in human subjects. Highlights: VS and UT independently searched articles using keyword combinations in four search engines; studies in English were selected. Either parallel-arm or split-mouth randomized controlled trials on healthy human subjects were considered. Ten studies remained in the selection; six studies compared the effect of IgY formulations on S. mutans, three on P. gingivalis, and one on C. albicans. Five studies (422 subjects) compared the effect of IgY formulations on S. mutans. When fixed-effect model (FEM) was applied, the risk ratio (RR) (confidence interval [CI]) was found to be 7.81 (6.00, 10.18). Three studies (167 subjects) compared the effect of IgY formulations on P. gingivalis. When FEM was applied, the RR (CI) was found to be 0.06 (?0.03, 0.15) in relation to reduction in probing depth. When FEM was applied, for percentage reduction in bleeding on probing (BOP), the RR (CI) was 1.99 (1.64, 2.41). Only one study (26 subjects) was available of IgY formulation and C. albicans; hence meta-analysis was not performed. The search was extended using Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, cross-references and by contacting authors and researchers in the field which further yielded five articles. . Conclusions: IgY formulations were effective in the reduction of S. mutans. They were not effective on P. gingivalis in relation to probing depth but were effective in relation to reduction in BOP. No harms were reported. Evidence is of low quality due to high heterogeneity. The ROB was moderate and publication bias was low.

Streptococcus mutans e seu metabolismo a nível molecular no contexto ecológico da doença cárie / Streptococcus mutans and its metabolism at the molecular level in the ecological context of dental caries

Objetivo: Durante décadas, o Streptococcus mutans foi con-siderado o principal agente etiológico da doença cárie. Esta revisão apresentará seu histórico e metabolismo a nível molecular. Ao entender as vias metabólicas do S.mutans envolvidas no desenvolvimento de lesões cariosas, será possível desenvolver novos métodos de modulação de biofilmes no controle da doença cárie e elucidar a neces-sidade de continuar pesquisando essa bactéria. Revisão de literatura: Embora o S. mutans não constitua uma pro-porção significativa na colonização da microbiota bucal da dentição hígida, essa proporção aumenta quando há acidificação contínua do biofilme, associada ao excesso de carboidratos na dieta do hospedeiro. Isso ocorre devido a um conjunto de fatores de virulência, tais como, adesão, formação de biofilme, acidogenicidade, aciduricidade, atividades de proteases, produção de mutacinas e vias de transdução de sinal. Cada uma dessas propriedades, coordenadamente, alteram a ecologia do biofilme dental. Discussão: Ainda é relevante entender o metabolismo do S. mutans como microrganismo modelo em lesões cariosas devido a seus inúmeros fatores de virulência. Porém, no contexto da doença cárie como uma disbiose, estratégias terapêuticas antimicrobianas, mais especificamente anti-S.mutans, voltadas para a eliminação do microrganismo, po-dem não ser a chave do controle da doença cárie, enquanto a modulação do microbioma poderá se tornar o futuro das clínicas odontológicas. Conclusão: Biofilmes associados a doença cárie compreendem um ecossistema diverso, sugerindo uma etiologia polimicrobiana, porém, estudos futuros que visem à prospecção, ao desenvolvimento e à inter-relação do S. mutans com outros microrganismos e com o hospedeiro humano ainda são justificados a fim de desvendar a transição 'homeostase-disbiose'.

Aim: For decades, the Streptococcus mutans was consi-dered the main agent of caries. This review will show its history and metabolism at the molecular level. By understanding its metabolic pathways involved in the development of carious lesions, it can be possible to develop new methods of modulating biofilms in the control of caries, as well as to elucidate the need to continue researching this bacterium. Literature review: Although S. mutans does not constitute a significant proportion in the colonization of the oral microbiota of the sound dentition, its proportion increases when there is continuous acidification of the biofilm, asso-ciated with excess carbohydrates in the host diet. This is due to a set of virulence factors, such as adhesion, biofilm formation, acidogenicity, aciduricity, proteases activity, mutacins production and signal transduction pathways. Each of these properties coordinately alters the ecology of the dental biofilm. Discussion: It is still relevant to understand the metabolism of S. mutans as a model microorganism in carious lesions due to its numerous virulence factors. However, in the context of caries as a dysbiosis, antimicrobial therapeutic strategies, more specifically anti-S.mutans, aiming to eliminate the microorganism, may not be the key to caries control, and the microbiome modulation may become the future of dental clinics. Conclusion: Biofilms associated with caries disease comprise a diverse ecosystem, suggesting a polymicrobial etiolo-gy, however, future studies aimed at the prospection, development and interrelationship of S. mutans with other microorganisms and with the human host are still justified in order to unravel the 'homeos-tasis-dysbiosis' transition.

Antibacterial efficacy of manuka honey, ocimum sanctum, curcuma longa and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on the level of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus - A randomized controlled trial

Objective: To assess the effects of Manuka honey, Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus levels. Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted on dental students of Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad. The study participants will be divided into four groups. Each group will have a total of 20 individuals. By using a lottery system, Group A (Manuka honey mouthrinse), Group B (Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse), Group C (Curcuma longa mouthrinse), and Group D (0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse) will be chosen. To match the circadian cycle, saliva will be collected at baseline and again after 2 weeks between 10 and 10.30 a.m. The sterile container will subsequently be delivered to the microbiological laboratory and processed as soon as possible to measure Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus count. For 2 weeks, participants were told to use 10 mL of mouthrinse twice daily. Results: The mean oral hygiene index?simplified (OHI?S) score of all the four groups showed reduction in their scores from baseline to after the study period. For both S. mutans and L. acidophilus, there was a substantial Percentage Reduction (PR) between the prerinse and postrinse samples in all four groups. Discussion: Because quantitative actions play a crucial part in the caries disease process, the changes in microbial activity before and after administration of experimental mouthwashes were examined. Conclusion: Essential oil aqueous extracts were as efficient antibacterial mouthwashes as chlorhexidine and iodine mouthwashes

In vitro bacterial adherence on teeth submitted to whitening with musa paradisiaca / Adherencia bacteriana in vitro en dientes sometidos a blanqueamiento con musa paradisiaca

Objetive: To compare in vitro bacterial adherence on teeth submitted to whitening with 50% ethanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Material and Methods: The study was experimental and used 18 premolars that were grouped into: G1 (control), G2 (50% ethanol extract of Musa paradisiaca) and G3 (35% hydrogen peroxide). The teeth were then exposed to a Streptococcus mutans culture for 24 hours, followed by centrifugation in thioglycolate broth. A culture on trypticase soy agar was done with a 1 in 100 dilution, and after 48 hours colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA test, complemented by the Bonferroni post-hoc. Results: Bacterial adherence was 77x105 CFU/ml in Group 3 using 35% hydrogen peroxide, 40x105 CFU/ml in Group 2 using 50% ethanol extract of Musa paradisiaca, and 89x104 CFU/ml in Group 1 (control). The difference between the three groups was significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: Both whitening methods cause bacterial adherence to the tooth surface, although to a lower degree with Musa paradisiaca.eses.

Objetivo: Comparar la adherencia bacteriana in vitro en dientes sometidos a blanqueamiento con extracto etanólico de Musa paradisiaca al 50% y con peróxido de hidrógeno al 35%. Material y Métodos: Comparar la adherencia bacteriana in vitro en dientes sometidos a blanqueamiento con extracto etanólico de Musa paradisiaca al 50% y con peróxido de hidrógeno al 35%.Resultados: La adherencia bacteriana fue de 77x105 UFC/ml con el peróxido de hidrógeno al 35%, de 40x105 UFC/ml con el extracto etanólico de Musa paradisiaca al 50% y de 89x104 UFC/ml con el control. La diferencia fue significativa entre los tres grupos (p=0.000). Conclusión: Ambos métodos de blanqueamiento causan adherencia bacteriana en la superficie dental, siendo menor con Musa paradisiaca.